tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37382630297394579612023-11-15T21:20:37.727+04:00AZMECOResearch Methodology Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.comBlogger14125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-88332856410398992072012-11-10T14:24:00.000+04:002013-02-18T23:48:42.637+04:00RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hypothesis in research is called
research hypothesis. It is the statements of relationship among variables observed
during literature review and identified in theoretical model. These are unproved
statements which could convince researcher due to some knowledge or arguments coming
from his own mind. I call it unproved because he has not yet found convincing arguments
for the other people in the related field of study in human society.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For example, a physician as a researcher
has reached to some convincing argument that “success in any operation depends
on hard work on the table in planning stage before start of the operation in
operation theater”. This hypothesis is developed out of the theoretical model which
he has formed after the literature review. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now researcher has to find some socially and
academically acceptable arguments to prove this model and to make it a theory. It
will remain a statement of hypothesis unless it is proved.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is important to mention that
the direction of research process is determined by the way a hypothesis is
developed. The nature of hypothesis explains what research design is
appropriate to test research hypothesis. Whether the research is qualitative or
quantitative, exploratory or descriptive, field study or lab experiment,
Inter-temporal or cross sectional, etc., all these decisions depend on how
hypothesis statement is written and framed. Some examples of statements of
hypothesis are given below:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Relationship exists between hard
work at planning stage and the success of operation”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“The more the time physician spends
in planning; higher will be the chances of success in operation”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Good planners are more successful physicians”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“If physician spends more time in
planning the operation, his chances of success will be higher” </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Success of operation depends on
planning time, history of disease, experience of physician, and stress level physician
keeps during operation”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These examples of hypothesis clearly
determine how researcher should proceeds with research project. For example,
statement type “e” is inviting experimental research design, whereas, statement
type “c” could be a reason for descriptive research design. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In summary we can say that,
researcher discovers variables by using his own knowledge on subject and
literature review. He then identifies prevailing relationships among variables
and forms a theoretical model. Each relationship among variable(s) leads to a
statement of research hypothesis, which ultimately determines the path of the
research process to achieve the research goals.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Author: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Muhammad Azeem) </span></b> </span></div>
</div>
Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-5572598376115660792012-10-19T16:37:00.003+04:002012-10-24T09:54:04.823+04:00VARIABLES IN RESEARCH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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essential step in research. Variables help researcher to design theoretical
model. They pave the way towards the research objective. Variables are various
target points in research framework. They are like buttons on Joy Stick
which cause overall situation under investigation. Having good understanding
and control over these points will help researcher to develop convincing
arguments in favor of the research objective.</span></div>
<b></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Word “variable” is used to represent
something which is moving or which keeps changing. It is a component which appears
in different shapes and names. A variable may have different names depending on
the angle researcher looks at the subject. That, it may be found on
different investigating routes at the same time. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, the “gender” can be defined as
variable from various angles in same study. In the discussion of child
performance in class the gender of teacher could be an important factor. Gender
as variable can be a factor effecting “child's performance” in the class.
Gender can be a factor which defines the degree of relationship between teacher
and student. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes, researcher defines
variable from the point of view of its determinants which are present inside or
outside the model.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
discussion of “child’s performance in class” the gender of teacher is
determined by some factors outside the model. That, the “gender” of teacher
depends on other factors which are not included in the study e.g. employment regulations about gender of teacher. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">In each relationship a variable may take different angles. </span>Therefore, for a researcher, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it is very important to clearly identify the
positioning and labeling of the variable. Following section will
explain various types of variables and their classification. </span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dependent
and Independent Variables</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Endogenous
and Exogenous Variable</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Intervening
or Mediating Variable</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Latent(confounding)
and Manifest Variables</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Quantitative
and Qualitative Variables</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Categorical
or Measurable Variables</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Continuous
and Discrete Variables</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">In above example, the variable “gender” is taking position of an independent variable, if performance of child in class is affected
by gender. For example, in primary school, female teachers are more effective
than the male teacher. The reason is that female has natural disposition towards
child development. Therefore, gender is a factor or independent variable for
the research of child’s performance in class. The variable “gender” will become
dependent, if we are treating <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“gender” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of teacher as a result of the job description
of the teachers at the time of appointment. Note that
dependent variable is always considered as the objective of the research. If
our objective is to understand the reason of downfall of economic growth,
then GDP growth rate may be considered a dependent variable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Another group of variables is known
as Intervening and mediating variable. When a relationship between two
variables is depending on the presence of some other variable then it is called
intervening variable. For example, the gender-child’s performance relationship
does not exist if teacher is not there. Therefore, the presence of teacher is
necessary for the existence of the gender-child’s performance relationship. Here
variable “availability of teacher” is an intervening variable. Similarly
sometimes, we can find some variables which exist inside the model to define
the quality of the relationship but its presence is not mandatory. For example,
the age of a teacher can play an important role in the relationship between “gender”
and “child’s performance”. Thus variable “age” is a mediating or moderating
variable, which moderates the degree of relationship. This is also called
sensitivity variable. Note that the presence of intervening variables is
mandatory for the relationship, but not for the moderating variables. The
presence of moderating variables can give more control to the researcher to
define the dependent variable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Another angle to look into the
variables is the presence of Observed and Unobserved variables. Observed
variables are also called manifest variables. And unobserved variables are
called Latent or confounding variables. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The variables which are discovered and
included into the model are called manifest variables, whereas the variables which
are influencing the relationship in the model but yet to be discovered are
called latent or confounding variables. In above example, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>child’s performance may affect due to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>some hidden factor (like income level of
child’s family), but it has not yet been discovered or identified-called Latent
or Confounding variable. But all other variables dependent or independent which
are evident and measureable in the model are called manifest variables.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Quantitative and Qualitative
variable is another classification of the variables. Quantitative variables are
measureable variable which are measured through some scale of measurement. For
example, age is quantitative variable and it is measured by an interval scale
(number of years).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whereas, gender is a
qualitative or categorical variable, as it is measured by using nominal scale. Nominal
means naming the values of variable. Qualitative variables are not measureable (
means that we cannot add two gender values to make third), rather we only count
them (that how many male and how many female gender values are there). Qualitative
variables are discrete in nature, as counts are only appeared in whole numbers.
Discrete means that variable is only assigned with some values (whole numbers
1, 2, 3, 4 …). Whereas quantitative variables mostly appear as are continuous
variables. Continuous means that variables can be assigned with any value within
certain range. For example, age of a teacher can be any value between 25 years
to 40 years. It may be 35 years and 11 months (35.11) or 26 years.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The term endogenous and exogenous is
another angle to look into the variables. Endogenous variables are those
variables whose values can be determined inside the model. Or in other words, the
factors determined these variables are present inside the model. Exogenous
variables, on the other had are those whose value is determined outside the
model.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Author: Muhammad Azeem)</span></b> </span> </span></div>
</div>
Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-4229942777527788782012-08-02T03:28:00.000+04:002012-10-24T09:54:50.908+04:00THEORETICAL MODEL<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Theoretical model is a concept
framed in the researcher's mind. This is also known as theoretical framework. It involves all underlying
factors (variables) identified during the exploratory stage or in the
literature review. Theoretical framework is simplified model which excludes all
unnecessary complexities of the real life situation and includes every relevant
factors determine a specific situation. These models are the clusters of variables shown as interrelated factors to one another. The logical positioning
among variables set the further direction in the research process. The
immediate outcome of the theoretical framework is the formation of researchable
hypotheses.
</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Theoretical framework is the
foundation on which the entire research project is based. It is a logically
developed, described, and elaborated network of associations among variables
deemed relevant to the problem situation and identified through such processes
as interviews, observations, and literature surveys. Experience and intuition also
guide in developing the theoretical framework. (Sekaran 97).</span></i><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While writing theoretical framework,
researcher must have complete list of variables and their positioning in the
family - here word family is used to express the scope of the model. These
variables should be placed according to their role as dependent and independent.
There are other variables which are playing important role but they are not directly independent in nature. These variables either intervene between two variables by explaining their interrelationship, or they determine the intensity of the relationship among variables. These factors leave serious affect on the outcome of the model. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Likewise, in almost every research there are always some confounding or hidden
factors which are not in the control of the researcher and they can
surprise researcher at any time.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> These factors generate errors which are difficult to explain by the model. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Theoretical framework is then presented
in the form of a diagrammatic, mathematical, or statistical model.
The quality of these models depends on the level of hard work researcher has
put in the initial exploration where all possible factors are nu-veiled.We call it a schematic diagram or the pictorial view of the theoretical model. This view provides immediate overall picture about all underlying factors and their positioning in the study.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Author: Muhammad Azeem)</span></b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">REFERENCES</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sekaran, Ume. Research
Methods for Business A Skill Building Approach-4<sup>th</sup> edition,2006; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</span></div>
</div>
Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-37785577208234336722012-07-07T01:49:00.000+04:002012-10-24T09:55:51.214+04:00WHAT IS PROBLEM STATEMENT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Problem statement is the concluding note of literature review in chapter two of research thesis. As we have already seen in literature review that researcher envisaged upon the discovery of all possible factors identified in past research efforts on the subject. The purpose is to bring discussion at the level where still gap could be realized between existing knowledge and the desired level on the subject.
<br />
<a name='more'></a> After finishing with the literature review, researcher has sufficient information to justify current research efforts. Therefore, at concluding section of the literature review researcher is narrowing down to exact problem statement.<br />
This is a five to seven lines brief note on the objective explaining about gap where further research is required. Problem statement exhibits researcher’s confidence level in order to achieve the objective to fill this gap. Thus problem statement is the final component in chapter two where researcher briefly writes down research questions with the objective to provide answer and solution to the problem. Problem statement should cover following areas:<br />
What is the gap between current and expected level of knowledge on the subject.<br />
What question needs to be answered in the current research project.<br />
The objective of research or the dependent variable.<br />
The domain of the subject by precisely mentioning about platform or the field where underlying factors could possibly be seen.<br />
<br />
Clarity of problem statement will determine the further direction of research project. It will help researcher to focus on the right direction so that researcher's efforts could be optimized. It is pertinent to mention that hypothesis developed in the later stage are the possible unproved answers to the research questions trimmed or raised in the problem statement.<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Author: Muhammad Azeem)</span></b></span> </div>
Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-2934824826905623192012-07-07T01:45:00.003+04:002012-10-24T09:56:23.689+04:00WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="date-header" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 9pt;">Friday,
July 6, 2012</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<br />
In chapter two researcher starts writing about the broad problem area and then narrows it down to the precise problem statement. Literature review is a mention of known theories on the subject, where researcher tries to explore the phenomenon to that extent which can justify current pursuit for new research. Researcher narrates past research efforts which have been discovered so far within the domain of current topic.
<br />
<a name='more'></a> Literature review is the chain of thoughts which were extended to the current level of knowledge. And all interlocking bits and pieces of such knowledge should be branched out in order to identify any missing link in the cluster. This sequence of thoughts and ideas will help researcher to draw a mind map where blank cells may lead to the answer of current research questions. They are those factors which are still undiscovered or loosely captured in past theories.<br />
<br />
While reviewing the literature, following points should be taken care of:<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>From where researcher should take a start to discover facts in this entire issue. </li>
<li>How can researcher develop a chain of ideas or proven theories in the past.</li>
<li>What are main factors (identified so far)-which govern objective of the study.</li>
<li>How far past theories are successful in explaining the current issue.</li>
<li>What is still missing in the past research efforts on the subject.</li>
<li>Is the gap evident between existing and the expected level of knowledge on the subject.</li>
<li>What are those possible gray areas which researcher assumes as undiscovered or loosely captured.</li>
</ul>
Literature review will help researcher to develop precise problem statement and discover underlying factors/variables. Quality of problem statement depends on the way researcher narrows down the broad problem areas to the brief statement of the research objective justifying the current research effort.<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Author: Muhammad Azeem)</span></b></span> </div>
Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-17112179241690385532012-07-02T12:49:00.000+04:002012-10-24T09:57:15.925+04:00DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
</div>
One important distinction between bibliography and referencing is necessary to explain. I have observed that many young researchers are applying these two terms side by side without understanding the difference between them. Referencing is the part of bibliography and both are located at the end of thesis or article. Bibliography is a list of sources which were consulted by the author to produce current document. It is a general list without specifying where any particular source was employed.
<br />
<a name='more'></a> On the other hand, reference is a list of sources which are covered through citation. It is alphabetically ordered list of all citations produced in the document. Whether it is reference or bibliography they maintain a specific standard like APA or MLA format.
Understanding of formats is important as they provide detail solution to compile the document. These formats or styles tell authors about fount sizes, page margins, line spacing, page numbering, listings, quotations etc. One should not be afraid about these formats. Nowadays number of online sources is available which guide writers to set the specific format. Microsoft Word has built in function which allows word document into the specific formats. Wikipedia is a good source to see for different styles. Researchers can also use online reference management solutions. One can easily take advantage from the GPL open source free solutions.<br />
<br />
The citation or referencing styles are also known as “Parenthetical Referencing” or Harvard Referencing System. They are brief citation methods to reference any particular source. The most popular styles are American Psychological Association (APA), and the Modern Language Association (MLA). APA referencing style is also known as Author-Date method. The MLA referencing style is also known as Author-Title or Author-Page method. Following two examples are showing referencing of Journal in MLA and APA formats.<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>MLA STYLE (Author-Title Method or Author-Page Method)
First Name, Second Name. Title of an Article." Title of a Journal 12 Aug. 1999: 23.</li>
<li>APA STYLE (Author-Date Method)
First Name, Second Name. (1999, 12 August). Title of an article. Title of a Journal, 212, 23.</li>
</ul>
<br />
These citations are used while writing research thesis or an article. The necessary information required to use citation includes; authors’ name, book or article title, book/journal/newspaper title, publisher, date of publication, page number etc. or books we may include ISBN numbers also. These formats differs mostly in title styles, headings and sub-headings, margins, in-text citations, online in-text citations, block quotes, etc. Besides researchers should also take care of the standardization in fount size, page numbering, page margins, line spacing etc.
I advise that researchers must go through these formats before they sit for compiling final document. Google search engine can produce excellent resources in this regards.
Wikipedia has a good article on “Citation”<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_reference#Inline_citation.<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Author: Muhammad Azeem)</span></b></span> </div>
Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-48715802576519917872012-06-18T13:32:00.000+04:002012-10-24T09:58:08.980+04:00HOW TO WRITE RESEARCH PROPOSAL/SYNOPSIS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Academic research is initiated with the
development of research proposal. For young researchers and academicians this
is first formal step to enter the research activity. Research proposal is a blueprint
of the researcher’s idea. The length of this document ranges between 500 to 1000
words. But we cannot draw any hard and fast rule on this. It is subjective
decision depending on the nature of area and level of research activity. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><b></b><br />
</span></span></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
For the
undergraduate degree research proposal may requires less than 1000 words. On
the other hand, for the PhD level it may extends to the range of 1000 to 3000
words. Whenever student is registered for higher education degree program, research
proposal is required during or at the end of the program. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> For PhD degree it is sometime
required even before the registration and considered as one of the admission’s
pre-requisite. Research proposal is a formal agreement between the institution
and researcher on some per-defined terms and conditions. These terms and
conditions provide directions and mutual understanding between two parties during
research process. There are number of websites and books which explain the
details about these areas of mutual consent.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> It is pertinent to note that Synopsis and
research proposal are used side by side. Synopsis of research, the synopsis of
a novel, and the synopsis of a movie etc. are summaries or outlines of researcher’s
work. It is always good to write these outlines in advance, but many writers
develop synopsis in the end. Proposals on the other hand, has both summary and feasibility. It is
better to use the word outlines instead of summary when we write proposals.
Another synonym is Abstract. This should be understood as similar to the
synopsis but lesser in the length. It is a concise paragraph or a summary of
the synopsis. Likewise Synopsis or Abstract should not be confused with the
Executive summary. It is more inclined towards business reports. Executive
summary is the mini form of the entire report or thesis. This is normally written
when we have finished with our work and compiling it into final shape.
Executive summary is placed before the content page and after the title. Young
researchers must avoid cut and paste from the original document into synopsis
or executive summary. There should be a logical flow of ideas developed in the
entire document with appropriate transition within each point. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Following are
the normal steps which are included in the research proposal at any level.
Universities also set some exclusive criterion for their research students.
They provide templates or specific format for development of the research
proposals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The title</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> The very first step is to give the title of the
research. Title must include the main determinants or factors which govern the
objective of the research project. It should clearly indicate the dependent and
main independent variables. It must describe the nature of the research
activity. For example; the topic like “Study on the behavior of working mothers
in Middle East during family disputes”. Here objective is the “behaviour of
working mothers”, and the underlying main factor is the “working women”.
Similarly location is also indicated wiz the “Middle East region”. This topic
provides sufficient information about the topic and the direction of research. Before
paraphrasing the title researcher should list the answers to following
question;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">What is the main objective (dependent variable)
of the research.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">What are the main factors (explanatory or
independent variables) of the research objective.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">How can researcher group all factors into one
word.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">What are the time period and the location where
research will be executed.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The background of the study</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> In this step researcher explains the background
of the research area by answering questions like;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">What is the broad environment which will be
referred during research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Is there any historical perspective which might
have governed the objective of the research project.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The objective of the study</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> In this step researcher explains the research
objective by answering following questions. The objective of the study should
be in line with the background explained in previous step by narrowing the
broad perspective view into a concise statement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">What motivates researcher to investigate on
this issue or field.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">How topic of the research project relates to
the issue or field.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Broad problem area to the problem statement
(Literature Review)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> In this step the researcher explains about the
possible literature he would be reviewing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Here researcher starts writing about the broad
problem area and then narrows it down to the precise problem statement. This is
to-the- point statement and set the direction of the research activity. Here by
using the techniques of literature review-which is the mention of the known
theories on the subject, research tries to explore the topic to the extent that
it justifies the pursuit for the new (current) research activity. Literature
review in the research proposal should not be written as it is written in
original thesis. Here researcher can refer to few examples of similar work in
the past (but not all), which may relates to his current research objective. In
this step, researcher must justify up to some extent that current objective was
not taken up seriously in the past by any other researcher, and he/she has done
sufficient study to reach this conclusion. In this stage researcher tries to
answer following questions;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">From where, researcher should take a start to
discover facts in this entire issue.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">How can researcher develop a chain of ideas or
proven theories in the past.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">What are main factors (identified so far)-which
govern objective of the study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">How to write a precise statement explaining the
problem behind the study. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Formulation of the hypotheses</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Out of the theoretical framework researcher
develops a series of relationship among variables-called process of theoretical
framework, and then summarized the most appropriate relation in the problem statement.
These relationships are subject to verification. Because it is researcher’s own
point of view, on which he/she has reached after thorough review of the
literature and preliminary investigation on the subject. The statements about
each relationship is called hypotheses. There may be more than one hypothesis
in one research project. For example hypothesis can be:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Only old people are emotionally attached with
products. Or</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Emotional attachment depends on the age of the
consumer etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Hypothesis set the exact route on which
researcher will move forward in order to meet the objectives of research
project. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> At proposal level researcher is not able to
list all possible hypotheses. Therefore he/she is required to frame at least
one research hypothesis which he could form out of his existing knowledge.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Scope and limitations</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> In this step the researcher writes the scope
and limitations of the of the research activity by answering following
questions;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">What else would benefit from the results
derived in this research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Who else can be benefited from these findings.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">What researcher would not be able to finish in
this research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">What serious constraints researcher could face during
investigation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Research Methodology (Research Design)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> In this step researcher writes the proposed
research design which may lead him/her to the completion of the project. Research
design is a way to collect real life evidence which may support your argument
(hypothesis). Research methodology covers following questions:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">What type of research design is taken up.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Who are the respondents in data collection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">What is the sample size.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Which research instrument will be used in data
collection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">How data would be analyzed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Time frame</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Time line is a necessary step in research
proposal. It explains how serious researcher is in doing research. How deeply
he/she has worked out plan to complete the research project. It covers all
essential steps spread over the entire time line. It is like a Gantt chart
developed by project managers. Researcher in this stage tries to give the
answer to following questions;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">How much time is required to complete this
research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">How total time will be allocated in different activities
to complete the project.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">If anything goes wrong during research, what
extra time would be available to handle the project.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Location</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Researcher in this stage tries to give the answer
to following questions;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Where this research activity will be
undertaken.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Who would be the respondents.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">How these respondents would be approached.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Budgeting </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Cost estimation is another essential
information which should be included in research proposal. Some universities do
not make it mandatory part of the proposal at lower grades. But as my advice it
should be there even it is not required. This will provide an economic view
point of the activity. Researcher should be able to chalk down all explicit and
implicit costs involved in this report. Explicit costs are those expenses which
researcher will be paying during research project. Like traveling cost,
stationary cost, library expenses etc. And implicit cost includes all opportunity
cost which is measured as the value of the sacrifices researcher is going to
bear during the research. For example, the sacrifice of his salary; as
researcher would be able to earn, if he spends time on research. Here the researcher is trying to answer
following questions;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">What explicit cost researcher expects during
research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">What implicit cost researcher expects during
research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">How would he be managing those expenses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">When and where those expenses will incur.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Author: Muhammad Azeem)</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-91429681682274382632012-04-04T14:50:00.000+04:002012-10-24T09:58:41.349+04:00WHAT IS PLAGIARISM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Plagiarism is a term used is research and
academic writing. It is considered a sin which any writer must avoid.
Universities and schools try to educate young scholars how to avoid plagiarism
during their assignments, and academic writing.Plagiarism, in
simple words, is theft of ideas. If researcher employs others’ ideas or statements and
making it his, it is plagiarism. But if researcher produces due acknowledgement
to the true owner of the idea by quoting his name and work then it becomes reference
which is not plagiarism.<br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> One should not
be afraid. There are ways to save your skin. When you have found some work of
other writer which is relevant to yours objective, then do not copy/paste it in your
thesis. Read it thoroughly, understand writer’s point of view
and then explain it in your own words. While doing so you must not forget to
mention the name of the writer whose idea has been discussed in your work. And
believe me it will reflect positive impression of yours. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Sometimes it is
necessary to bring original text of other writers. In that case researcher should know
how to produce proper reference or citation. Original text is normally written in
quotation marks or in away as it looks different than your text. Some writers
change text format and others bring it in rectangular boxes or use different shades in order to avoid plagiarism.This is often required when researcher has to bring small text material in his work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Students also face a situation when they find some information which was already in their mind. What should they do? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Here we must
distinguish between two types of information. There is some knowledge
which is common. For example, all knows that South Korea and North Korea are
two separate states. If someone has mentioned this information in his work, then it does not come under the plagiarism. Because it is a <i><b>common knowledge</b></i> and all knows it as a
fact. Similar situations come when you find some thing in text books. Most of
the material in text books is in the domain of common knowledge, e.g laws of motion, Laws of demand and supply, Central limit theorem, etc. When any fact or
information was already cited by numerous authors and it is a fact known by all-is
a common knowledge. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Many times,
researcher is dealing with knowledge which is not common and only it relates to
specific Jargon or by an individual. Whether it is published or unpublished,
rule of thumb is that be sincere in your efforts and give due respect to the
owner of idea and material. Giving credit to original source is a service to
original owner of information, and to the knowledge as a whole. Giving credit
to source is called citation in academic writing. It is a formal way to
acknowledging the original source.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Nowadays, variety
of software and sites are available which can test your material and indicate
whether it is original work of the author or any form of plagiarism. You can
Google for plagiarism and find valuable resources explaining about the
plagiarism and citation.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Author: Muhammad Azeem)</span></b></span> </span></div>
</div>
Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-56997628076911756882012-03-30T14:56:00.001+04:002012-10-24T09:59:04.832+04:00FUNDAMENTAL STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Research
process starts once you are facing any unanswered question. These
questions may cause confusion, anxiety, anger, or surprise you for something..
All such conditions of human behaviour are resolved by finding the answers to
these questions, which invites researchers to follow formal procedure to
investigate the case and bring out facts and underlying reasons:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">For example,
you might notice on any day during week an unusual turnover of customers in the
store. This observation will create a research question in your mind.<b></b><br />
</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">“Why number of
customers is high in store today”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Research
question will set an objective for doing research.</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Immediately
your though process will start working and display out a list of possible
answers for your question. These answers are based on your existing level of
knowledge.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">They might be
like this:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Due to national holiday today number of
customers is high in store.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Due to first week of the month number of
customers is high in store.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Due to sunny day today number of customers are
high in store </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Customer’s turnover is high because store has
announced discounts on FM radio for some items.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Government has initiated mega road construction
project which has caused inconvenience to majority of residents to reach to
other stores. That’s why people prefer this store for their day to day shopping
due to only convenient option left for them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">These possible
answers are called Hypotheses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> If nature of
question is ordinary and you are not concerned with the accuracy of the answers
of the research question then you may choose any one of the above possible
hypothesis as best reason to your question.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Up till this
point every human being is applying research method every next moment in his
life. Researchers or academicians or scientists move further to satisfy their
intellectual zeal. They also need application of research method till further
steps because their credibility is at stake. Any misinterpretation can cause
damage to their reputation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Research
process consists of following steps:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1. Clarity of the research question:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> First step is to rephrase the
research question. Rephrasing means trimming the statement for research. We
cannot start research unless we are not clear about the objective. And we also
cannot do research on many directions. If we are facing problem of frequent
electricity failure in our town, we can find number of possible reasons
immediately. Each reason leads to a separate research. We may develop a
research question that, “is this electricity failure due to heavy storm and
rain outside”. Likewise another research question can be developed as, “what
makes electricity supply so vulnerable to the climate?” and so on. Notice
that in each question research objective is clearly identified. <b><i>Uni-directional
questions are always preference of the researchers.</i></b> Clearly defining
research problem or research question is a pre-requisite of next step in
research process. Uni-directional doesn't mean single answer. These may have
more than one possible reason for that situation. That's why researchers avoid
inserting question mark? with research questions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2. Preliminary investigation to list
possible answers to the research question.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Once research question is clearly
defined, we move to second step in research process. In this step we explore
further the situation and try to find immediate answers. These answers can be
sought by using our wisdom, or by taking opinions from others, or by dipping
into the available literature in libraries manuals, or internet. Formally we
use the terms Literature Review and Interviews for this step. Literature review
helps us to know previously conducted research on same or similar situation. By
applying our wisdom, conducting interviews, and reviewing literature can help
us to reach best possible answers to our research question. <b><i>The main purpose in this step is to
identify all possible factors which may cause that situation which is under
investigation.</i></b> Without identifying these factors or variables we are
unable to move to next step in research process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3: Development of relationship among
variables:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Third step in research process is to
classify all factors or variables which are involved in the situation. These
variables can be classified as dependent variable(objective variable),
independent variables(factors or causes of the phenomenon), connecting variables(which
intervene among relationship and their interdependence), and sensitivity variables(which
define the strength of relationship between two connecting variables). For
example, in our research question “what makes electricity supply so vulnerable
to the climate?” following variables can be identified:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dependent variable: Failure of electricity</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Independent variables: Strom and rain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Connecting variables: Availability of electricity supply system, etc</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sensitivity variables: Quality of cables, Disaster management
system, etc</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Sometimes lurking
or confounding variables are also important to identify. They are hidden
factors and not apparently appeared. But their presence can affect the
relationship between dependent and independent variables. For example, in above
case the <u>corruption</u> on the part of technical staff may cause the
situation. Then variable “corruption on the part of technical staff” is a
confounding variable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Correctness and
coverage of all possible variables depend on the rigor research puts into the
second step. Step 3 provides a solid theoretical foundation to the research
problem. This theoretical frame work will pave the way for further development
in research process. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4. Developing Hypothesis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Hypothesis are the possible answers
to the research questions on which researcher has reached after going through
step no 2 and 3. These are wisely driven non-verified conclusions coming out of
the mind of researcher as possible answers. For example one hypothesis can be
framed as “Failure of electricity is due to poor quality of cables in the
town”. Similarly researcher can frame other hypotheses for one research
question.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Notice that in
our day to day life all human are going through the process explained in first
four steps above. They take decision by selecting best possible reason out of
the hypothesis they have framed based on preliminary investigation. They become
professional scientist or researcher when they further investigate for the
truth of the hypothesis so that they can interpret it according to current
knowledge level prevailing in the society.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5. Research Design</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> This is most
technical part assumed in research methodology. Selection of right design
requires an overall experience of the researcher. Most of the time students are
referred to their supervisors for specific advice. I also observe that majority
of students are not comfortable when they reach to this step in research
process, and they need external support to seek through guidelines to proceed
with the research process. Research design is basically a program of
investigation. There are more than one programs or design. Each design complete
different objective.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> If you are
doing research on any phenomenon which is quite new to the society, then you
need <b><i>Exploratory Research Design (ERD)</i></b> technique. Which mostly
apply surveys, interviews and primary data collection tools for getting right
answer to research question? We should not confuse exploratory research design
as a process involved in step 2. Here literature is not sufficiently available
to help researcher on the subject. I remember that doing research on Knowledge
management about ten years back was a daunting task, but now researchers are
able to find some good material on that. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> If objective is
to develop a profile of the variables or factors engaged in the research, then <b><i>Descriptive
Research Design (DRD)</i></b> technique is the appropriate model. For example,
If our research question is “what make Toyota market leader in car industry”,
then we may require in depth analysis of the factors involved in the production
process and their overall business strategies. We need DRD. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> If researcher
is interested in studying the
relationship among variables then <b><i>Relational Research Design(RRD)</i></b>
techniques is appropriate. RRD helps
researcher to develop a relation between variables and to understand the degree
of causal relationship among different variables in the research. By causal
relationship we mean functional relationship among variables. Causal
relationship also indicates the presence of cause-effect among variables. For
example, if hypothesis is that, “electricity failure is due to poor quality of
cables”, then in order to study the cause and effect relationship between
quality of cable and electricity failure, RRD is appropriate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Sometimes,
researchers may adopt bench marking to reach their objectives. For example, in
business research, one organization may try to understand the model set by her
competitor in the market. In that situation The Case Study Research Design (CSRD)
technique is advised. One should not confuse case study with the descriptive
research design. Case study is the overall analysis of the organization or
situation, whereas in descriptive research design one may be interested in some
of few variables. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> The above
mentioned research designs are also set hierarchy. That is researcher may have
gone through ERD, DRD, RRD, and CSRD to complete his research.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Above
classification is based on the objective of the study. Besides above
classification researchers also take care of some other factors in choosing
right research design. If researcher can control the situation or have some
capability to intervene the relationship then Experimental Research Design
technique is appropriate. For example in Relational Research Design if
researcher can control independent variable in some artificial environment, then
he can generate outputs according to his desire. Later by comparing two outcomes
(intervened and non- intervened) can be compared. Like teacher can compare two
teaching methods, one group which is taught using internet and one which is
taught using text book. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Many times
field study is appropriate because research has very less control on the
situation then data is collected on the basis of available facts. For example
opinion polls are done without researcher intervene. Field study is normal executed on exploratory
or descriptive research design.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Likewise units
of analysis are also important in selecting research design. Unit of analysis
can be individual (group) or more than one group. For individual group one can
opt for exploratory or descriptive research design. For more than one group
relational research design can be appropriate. Likewise researchers also take
care whether research is inter-temporal (on time scale), or cross-sectional (time
is assumed constant). For example one may need to study the growth over a
certain period of time. Or one may need to observe future affects of some
treatment applied now on the cases. This is called longitudinal or inters
temporal study. In other case researcher may need to compare two groups during
same period of time. This called cross sectional study.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> In brief, it is
very difficult to draw hard and fast rule about type of research design.
Researcher may move from one research design to other to reach his objective.
The researcher rigor in this case will set the value of research outcomes.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6. Data collection</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Next step is
the data collection. This is again a technical issue in research process. Mostly
statisticians are involved from step 5 to step 7 during research process. They
help researcher to determine appropriate sample size, and the way to collect
date. Data or information is collected through interviews or through
questionnaires. This data may be classified as quantitative or most of the time
it is qualitative. Statisticians help researcher in operationalization of the
variables in step 4 during the selection and defining of variables.
Operationalization means converting variable into some measureable phenomenon.
For example, if our variable is “Quality of capable ” then variable “quality”
should be measured through cable specification or material or weight per meter
etc. By operationalizing the variables researcher is able to tap qualitative
features in some measureable quantitative scale. Likewise student’s
intelligence can be tapped through his number of correct answers in any Quiz
designed for the purpose. Here I would advise young researchers to learn basic
difference between different measurement scales. I will cover further
technicalities involved in some exclusive topic on data collection.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> I always advise
my students to associate yourself with statistician right at from step 1. It is
always helpful and save lot of energy, time and other resources of researcher. By
statistician I mean an individual who has experience as applied statistician.
Sometimes a person with good theoretical base, but with little research
experience causes confusions in minds of students. Almost in every university
there are valuable resources available as applied or research statisticians.
They can advise and help students through statistical software like SPSS, SAS,
R, Minitab, Microsoft Excel, Magastat etc.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7. Data Analysis</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Data analysis
is the output of the research design program. The data collected in step 6 is
understood, and explained according to the objective of the research
hypothesis. Statisticians prepare a reliable report based on collected data.
Reliability of the report covers following areas:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Has the data been collected from right source?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Is data capable to tap desired information?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Is the data capable to answer research
question?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Has researcher applied appropriate method to
collect data?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Is data complete and sufficient?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Is the outcome unbiased?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Is the hypothesis significant?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Inference based on data.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Answering research question</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">8. Conclusion</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Outcomes of
data analysis help researcher to write conclusion of the research question.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The above
mentioned steps are written with care to avoid technical language.</span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Author: Muhammad Azeem)</span></b></span> </span></i></b></div>
</div>
Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-6718220756841035882012-02-28T20:14:00.000+04:002012-10-24T09:59:46.331+04:00INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHODS IN RESEARCH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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One of the most important and fundamental concepts is the application of inductive and deductive reasoning in research process. Research is not some thing which is always a formal activity associated with researcher. We throughout our life on every day engage in different thought processes where we interpolate or extrapolate the situation or phenomenon.
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Interpolation is like a dip into the data to fetch some hidden fact. And extrapolation is like building a castle in the air upon the given data. If my daughter ask about my hobbies that I used to have during my childhood so I would be interpolating for the result. But if my wife asks the same question then she must be extrapolating on that information. My students always worried about the types of questions for every upcoming quiz. I always refer them to the study material they were provided during the class. By doing so, I actually guiding them to infer about the nature of questions or to make a reasonable hypothesis about the nature of expected questions by looking into the lecture slides, handouts or any other material which was included during lectures and discussions.<br />
Induction and Deduction is similar to above context. Scientists use these terms to classify the reasoning process. Sometimes, I make decisions about myself , and sometimes, I make decisions about everybody based on my personal experience. When I am deciding to take the alternative route during traffic Jam I am applying deductive reasoning. And if that experience is not successful, I advise my colleagues and students not to do similar mistake as I have done. Then I am applying Inductive reasoning.<br />
In case of Inductive reasoning, we try to develop a general rule based on the experience learned during some typical situation (like my traffic jam experience on motorway). And I then infer a general rule that "during traffic Jam one should not panic and do not take the alternative route".<br />
On the other hand in deductive reasoning we apply some already existing general rule (in our mind or knowledge) and try to handle a particular situation, as I did while deciding to take alternative route. I had learned from my past experience or I learned from my colleagues or by listening to radio and I apply the general rule which said, "take the alternative route when ever you observe any traffic jam".<br />
Knowledge is updated every second by the human being based on Inductive and Deductive reasoning. We solve our problems based on past experience or general principles in our mind (inductive reasoning), and we make new rules or amend existing rules based on new experience(deductive reasoning). Research process is a combination of both Inductive and Deductive methods.<br />
Researcher initiates his research with some vague idea or observations. He then discusses his observation with relevant people in order to get clearer picture of the question in his mind. He then explore the existing resources online or in libraries and tries to draw possible answers to his question. Based on this preliminary investigation he develops one or few possible answers to his research question. These answers are called Research Hypothesis. Here researcher has applied Inductive reasoning to line up these hypothesis. These hypothesis are unproved general rules which are then tested through the process of deduction.<br />
In the process of Deduction he formally collect relevant data or information to verify the truth in the hypothesis.<br />
Thus in nutshell we may conclude that Inductive approach in research is the Induction of new knowledge in the existing body of knowledge by forming rules, principles, and theories based on some personal or particular experience of researcher. Whereas, in deduction, we deduct(apply) the existing knowledge from body of knowledge on certain situation which is personal to researcher or particular to any incidence.<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Author: Muhammad Azeem)</span></b></span> <br />
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Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-36916382131340390372012-02-17T14:38:00.003+04:002012-10-24T10:00:08.531+04:00DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Often students or new in research activities are interested to understand the difference between Basic and Applied research.<br />
This difference is clear. There are two angles to look into this difference.<br />
1. The hierarchical positioning of two concepts.<br />
2. From the point of literary meanings<br />
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<br />
<b>From the point of literary meaning of two words; </b><br />
Basic research is a conventional research activity or also known as academic research. This is done for sake of knowledge gathering or to contribute in body of knowledge. For example some researcher is trying to find the reasons of values deterioration among youth. The results of this research will be a contribution towards social science. It may lead to further investigations and more research findings.<br />
Applied Research on the other hand will be an extension to basic research. It is executed to find solutions to certain problem faced by any individual or by any organization, or society. The purpose behind this research activity is to discover and eliminate causes of the problem. For example the high crime rate among youth may invite the attention of policy makers to find the reasons and eliminate such factors which cause this behaviour. Or a manager is worried about the failures in meeting targets and delays in completing tasks. And he truly desires to find the reasons for such delays, so that he can eliminate the factors causing such delays.<br />
<br />
<b>From the point of hierarchical positioning of two words; </b> <br />
Basis and applied research are collinear activities. They occur in a sequence. Most of the time applied researchers can find solutions to their problems in some already conducted basic research papers. They can use existing knowledge to solve their problems. On the other hand, companies keep on doing various researches in their organizations with the hope that they may help them in future. Many times organizations starts from the scratch and complete their research by finding solution to the problems.<br />
<br />
The difference between Applied and Basic Research is due to the objectives set for research. If objective is to contribute to the body of knowledge in an academic domain then it is called a Basic Research. And if purpose is to solve the problem by investigating root causes of that problem then it is called Applied Research.<br />
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The common between the two types is that researchers are going through similar research activities and one can not realize that what is the objective of the researcher unless researcher himself tells the objective that whether he is doing applied research or he is on an academic domain of basic research.<br />
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I remember one of my student in MBA class was doing research in his bank as an academic requirement for his degree. He submitted a thesis on the study of cultural difference in work environment. In that documents he investigated possible effects of such cultural differences. He questioned about 20 people organization for this research objective and prepare analysis and recommendations. He concluded that besides gender differences cultural difference among employees may effect work environment. This was an example of Basic Research. There may be a possibility that by looking in to this work(basic research report), the manager of that Bank may have started investigating that how cultural difference can bring improvement in the work environment in his Bank. Then this research would be applied research.<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Author: Muhammad Azeem)</span></b></span> </div>
Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-39505909530628751032012-01-01T01:22:00.000+04:002012-10-24T10:00:37.528+04:00DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESEARCH, SEARCH, AND RE-SEARCH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
The very first question which comes to our mind is about the difference between Research and Search. <br />
Generally speaking, “SEARCH” means looking for something, and by “RESEARCH” we may say it as looking into something.
When we use concept of research in an academic activity, it involves both. Researchers not only find the missing links in their thoughts and so called hypothesis, but they also look into the matter to discover the justifications for their outputs.<br />
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According to the definition given in dictionary.com, viewed on January 1, 2012, "Research is a diligent and systematic inquiry or investigation into a subject in order to discover or revise facts, theories, applications, etc."<br />
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The word Re-Search is the repetition of the search activities, and it is different from the word Research.<br />
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Definition given by Paul D. Leedy and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod, in their book “Practical Research Planning And Design", 8th edition; “Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information(data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned..” They also included following eight distinct characteristics about research project:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Research originates with a question or problem.</li>
<li>Research requires clear articulation of a goal.</li>
<li>Research requires a specific plan for proceeding.</li>
<li>Research usually divides the principal problem into more manageable sub problems.</li>
<li>Research is guided by the specific research problem, question, or hypothesis.</li>
<li>Research accepts certain critical assumptions.</li>
<li>Research requires the collection and interpretation of data in an attempt to resolve the problem that initiated the research.</li>
<li>Research is, by its nature, cyclical or, more exactly, helical.</li>
</ol>
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In my opinion, Research is a set of independent strategies to expand knowledge. These strategies are taken up by individuals and groups in order to reach some acceptable conclusions. Each conclusion becomes hallmark in the journey of intellectual development.<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Author: Muhammad Azeem)</span></b></span> </div>
Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-54941702438478430212011-12-17T08:04:00.001+04:002012-10-24T10:01:04.511+04:00FASCINATING WORLD OF RESEARCH AND ACADEMIC WRITING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Anyone,
who sets out on the journey of research and academic writing can face
number of concepts, confusions, and technicalities. <br />
In the beginning the
main questions would be like;<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Why we use word “Research” instead of “Search”?</li>
<li>What is the difference between research and investigation?</li>
<li>What is the difference between thesis and report? etc.</li>
</ul>
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After getting satisfactory answers to these questions we enter the world of many new complexities like;<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>What is plagiarism?</li>
<li>What is literature review?</li>
<li>What are formats?</li>
<li>What is referencing? </li>
<li>What is problem statement?</li>
<li>What is hypothesis?</li>
<li>What is inductive and deductive reasoning?</li>
<li>What is theoretical framework? etc.</li>
</ul>
<br />
The job has not yet finished. Answers to above
questions are actually qualifying you to step up the ladder and face
some technicalities in this field. They are like;<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>What is research design?</li>
<li>What is questionnaire?</li>
<li>How can I determine sample size?</li>
<li>What is non-parametric statistics?</li>
<li>What is inferential statistics?</li>
<li>What is test of hypothesis?</li>
<li>
And many more.</li>
</ul>
<br />
When I started working, I went through all stages
mentioned above. My learning was refined further as I had to teach
research methodology to undergraduate students, and to supervise their
final thesis. I had one advantage and that was my statistics and
mathematics background. That really motivated me and helped in
discovering answers to many questions and confusions. But, it does not
mean that researcher should be a statistician. It can be an added
advantage. Thanks to modern IT tools and software like SPSS, SAS, MS
Excel, Minitab, Magastat etc., which have brought conveniences in the
life of researcher.<br />
<br />
The good news is that research is
not something like passing an examination, or preparing for a
comprehensive viva. It is really a journey, which is full of enjoyments
and pleasure. It never ends. More you drive through, more you discover,
and many more you still need to discover. It is amazing and every
discovery will take you to higher level of confidence and nobility.<br />
<br />
I
will share my learning through this site, and try to explain answers to
common questions that may help many new learners and researchers in
their academic writing and real life research problems.This should not
be understood in a way as if I am going to write an online book. I will
gather such resources or information, which may give you some
fundamental clarities and they may need further exploration on your
part.<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Author: Muhammad Azeem)</span></b></span> </div>
Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3738263029739457961.post-87088961904342097272011-12-16T15:39:00.001+04:002012-10-24T10:01:34.044+04:00Welcome AZMECO blog.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> This blog is setup for my students and young learners initiating for research projetcs in their higher studies. I have often found number of studnets looking for some quick reference guide for understanding about research methods. This blog will serve this purpose, and can be used for a starting point to understand any concept in research methodology. It will consist of small discussions on different research topics. They are the notes appear as a source of common knowledge and can be found in different books written on research methodologies by number of authors. I will try to bring all necessary topics on this floor so that learner can find convenience in searching for various topics applied in research process. For any suggestions please leave a note for me at [azmeco@gmail.com.]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Muhammad Azeem)</span></b></span> </span><br />
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Muhammad Azeemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01514271775052420765noreply@blogger.com